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Furthermore, the experimental range was shown to be larger than the calculated range, and if wind resistance would have contributed, it would be logical to assume that the ball would have landed shorter than expected. Additionally, the location of the launch was not directly in the line of the air conditioning unit, which would have contributed to the bulk of the wind resistance. I do not think that wind resistance could be a factor because the steel ball is heavy enough that it would not be affected notably. Initial Velocity- Slight misalignments in the Photo Gates could cause small variations in the velocity measurement.Īngle- Parallax error could also occur in the angle measurement. Sources of error for the measurements are as follows:Ĭhange in Y- Parallax error, meaning "a change in position of an object resulting in a change in position of the observer," may have contributed to a position measurement slightly above or below the true position of the bottom of the ball within the launcher. The measured range was larger than the calculated range.īecause the average range was about 2 cm away from the predicted measurement, the uncertainly for the range calculation can be said to be roughly ± 2 cm. Explain why it would work this way.The purpose of this lab was to predict the range of a projectile object, and we were able to do so with only a 0.811% difference between the calculated range and the experimental range of the projectile. Through these measurements and an understanding of projectile motion. One of the easiest ways to deal with 2D projectile motion is to just analyze the motion in each direction separately. You will use two different experimental methods to determine the initial speed of the ball: measuring the maximum height that the ball reaches and measuring the total time that the ball spends in the air. 3.A.1.3: The student is able to analyze experimental data describing the motion of an object. In this lab, you will use a spring-powered projectile launcher to fire a small metal ball upward. Propose a source of error that could have caused his calculated height to be lower than his measured height. In this lab, we will measure the horizontal distance which a projectile travels. AP Physics Lab 3: Horizontal Projectile Motion (Big Idea 3). The actual height of his measured object is 2.8m. The physical quantities that will be calculated based on those measurements include speed, horizontal motion, vertical motion, and overall velocity. The measured physical quantities that are measured in this experiment include length (meter) and time (second/s). He calculates the height of his object to be 2.2m. The purpose of this experiment is to describe projectile motion. Calculate the height of the object and the launch velocity (speed and angle) of your projectile.Ī student sets up his camera to record the motion of his projectile. Show the calculations for your small scale test and your full scale test. Include the data from your small scale test. Include the quantity measured, the symbol you will use to denote the quantity, and the measurement tool used to take the measurement. Include the procedures needed to determine your percent error.Ĭreate a data table where you will record the measurements from your experiment. Include, also, a description of how the launch velocity of the projectile can be determined.ĭerive an equation that could be used to calculate the launch velocity of the tennis ball with data that can be measured in our laboratory.ĭerive an equation that could be used to calculate the maximum height achieved by the tennis ball during its trajectory.ĭescribe the procedures you used in enough detail that another lab team could follow them and achieve the same results. Purpose: To use the projectile motion of a tennis ball to calculate the height of an object that is too tall to be measured with our metersticks.ĭescribe the physics principle(s) that make it possible for a tall object's height to be calculated from the motion of a bounced tennis ball. Some Active DAS systems also "digitize" this signal which adds cost but improves A "master unit" combines the signals from multiple carriers and Nokia, Samsung, Casa Networks, Spidercloud, and Airspan are the most popular vendors of enterprise-grade smallĪn Active DAS converts the radio frequency transmissions from the signal source signal so they can beĭistributed via an optical or ethernet cable. We expect this will be theįastest-growing new technology in the DAS space. Small cells as a signal source, and the results are typically excellent. We’ve installed many DAS deployments using Limitation of small cell technology is that they require a reliable backhaul Internet connection to connect.Įach enterprise-grade small cell typically supports around 200 users. Small cell can be greatly expanded by using them as a signal source for a distributed antenna system. While covering larger venues with dozens of small cells isn’t cost-effective, the coverage area of a The typical coverage area of a small cell is only about 5,000 to 15,000 square feet, and they are relativelyĮxpensive. Normal Internet connection and generate a high-quality wireless signal. These are all basically the same technology-they create a secure tunnel back to the carrier’s network over a Small cells, including femtocells, picocells, nanocells, and metrocells. Small cells are the latest technology used by carriers to provide cellular service inside buildings. Off-air DAS deployments have seen a resurgence with the roll-out ofĮnterprise Small Cells (Femtocells, Picocells and MetroCell) Option and are most suitable when the primary reason for deploying a DAS is to extend coverage inside aĪlmost all DAS systems are can use off-air signal, but Wilson Electronics, SureCall, and Cel-Fi are most oftenĪssociated with this type of deployment. These deployments are often the lowest cost Primarily used to extend coverage at the edges of the network. The easiest and most cost-effective signal source.Ī DAS that uses an off-air signal source does not add any extra capacity to the carrier’s network and is But if the donor signal is strong and clear, then an off-air signal is often If the signal at the donor antenna is very weak or the nearest tower is quite congested, using an off-air Off-air signals are the most common signal sources for aĭAS. Receive and transmit signals from a cell carrier. Right DAS technology means making trade-offs between coverage, capacity, and price.Ī DAS that uses an off-air signal (sometimes called a repeater) utilizes a donor antenna on the roof to Identifying one of these needs as the primary requirement of your project is an important first step. Higher altitudes make the signal unusable. Highrises often use DAS deployments because the radio frequency noise levels at For example, a newly-built LEED-certified hospital with concrete walls might have no Low-E windows in LEED Buildings blocking cell signal, If there's simply not enough usable signal reaching users, either because the cell tower is too far away or due to In such applications, a DAS with high capacity is the primary need. Provide coverage to all those users, the tower and the local network would quickly become overwhelmed and If the venue relied on a nearby cell tower to The Super Bowl, or a large music venue hosting Justin Timberlake. Some locations experience significantly more cellular data usage than others. To be able to compare the different technologies, we first need to review the two main performance reasons thatĭAS solutions are deployed: to provide coverage and capacity. #6- Custom CommandsĬarlbot custom commands include such parameters as member count, user ID, channel topic and other variables. 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Elsewhere episode Cheers spawned Frasier, a character who appeared on Wings John Munch, the detective from Homicide, had mingled with the St. Eligius stopped in to have a drink.Īs Jake Rossen explained in an article for Mental Floss, “The doctors had visited the bar on Cheers in one St. The origin point for this theory isn’t the snow globe itself, but a scene on another Boston-set NBC program from the 1980s, Cheers, in which doctors from St. The Westphall theory posits that the show serves the same function for television itself, acting as a portal through which the medium’s past and present can flow. Elsewhere was an “institutional series” par excellence, showing the day-to-day workings of a major urban hub through which a cross section of humankind constantly flowed in and out. The snow globe inspired the so-called Tommy Westphall theory of TV interconnectedness, one of the most playful and expansive fan theories of all time. The snow globe of TV has expanded exponentially since then, to the point where viewera would have to clone themselves 20 times to watch every sitcom or drama worth having an opinion on - a scenario that wouldn’t leave much room for watching other types of programming, or for eating and sleeping. In other words, try not to be too crushed that it’s ending, because it never really existed to begin with.” I like to think of the snow globe as a meta-commentary on the universe of TV generally, one that resonates more strongly now than it did three decades ago, when there were only three major broadcast networks, PBS, cable, and a bunch of syndicated stations, yet people who wrote about the medium for a living still worried that there was no way they could watch and keep tabs on everything. Elsewhere was ‘merely’ a work of fiction. I think other people will find it puzzling, odd, maybe unfulfilling in some way.”ĭavid Bushman, a TV curator at the Paley Center in New York City, recently described the final shot of the snow globe as “a reaffirmation that St. “I think some people will think it’s extraordinary and existential and quintessential St. Law, Dead Like Me) - trying to say? Was it all the dream or fantasy of an autistic child? Was there some supernatural aspect to the series that everyone had missed throughout its six-season run? “I expect a very mixed reaction,” Bruce Paltrow, one of the show’s executive producers, told the Chicago Tribune. What were series creators Joshua Brand and John Falsey - and the episode’s screenwriters, Tom Fontana ( Homicide, Oz) and John Masius ( L.A. Daniel Auschlander (Norman Lloyd) - who had died earlier in the episode - was alive and well, and was suddenly Tommy’s grandfather.Īt the time, this puzzling closing image inspired as many arguments as the ending of The Sopranos 18 years later. Westphall was now a construction worker rather than a doctor, and St. To make things weirder, the characters weren’t the characters anymor. Eligius Hospital, the show’s principal location. Then the boy puts the snow globe down to prepare for bed, and the camera slowly zooms into the snow globe to reveal a miniature version of St. Westphall (Ed Flanders) watches his autistic son Tommy (Chad Allen) stare at a snow globe that he gazes at all day long. 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Someone had wrapped the box with several fastened-together covers featuring the May 20 article " The Deepest Cut" by staff writer Miriam Wasser, an article about jailed juvenile homicide suspect Jessica Burlew. A suspicious package left at the Phoenix New Times' parking lot in downtown Phoenix on Friday morning contained a letter referring to a recent cover article about an emotionally-disturbed teenager accused in a homicide case, police said.Īfter a New Times employee found a large cardboard box in the lot at about 5:30 a.m., cops brought in an explosives-sniffing dog from the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. If the game play mechanics are reasonably deterministic then corrections will occur rarely as server and client are calculating the same world view. To avoid this, the client would have to first rewind time and then repredict forward in time to reach the current time again. If the client has to revert to the server view resulting from it’s input 400ms ago, it is thus jumping back in time to the time of that input. The client has in the mean time moved forward 400 ms in time using it’s own predictions. To understand this, say that it took 200 ms for the client input to reach the server, and another 200 ms for the resulting world view to come back from the server. Reverting to the server state when a client prediction is off, actually means that the world view of the client jumps back in time. This solution was first introduced in Quakeworld. The world view is then yanked back in line with the server view, often causing a noticeable glitch. Of course, a problem occurs when the server world view comes back and differs from what the client predicted. The resulting game play is much more responsive. This requires the client to know about the game mechanics and game objects, thus the client is no longer dumb. They take the players input and predict what will happen, immediately updating the world view accordingly. To smoothen the game experience, clients no longer wait until they receive a view back from the server. Doom worked like this and if you had a high latency then most chances were you were dead before you had a chance to see what hit you. For players with a high latency, the game quickly become unplayable, the world moving in jarring jumps. The solution works fine for computers with the same low network latency but begins to fall apart when players have higher, differing latency. There is no longer a problem of keeping the game world consistent across computers as there is only one world (on the server). The server then carries out the input and sends back a “picture” of the resulting world. The clients have (almost) no code, they are just dumb terminals sending input (key presses) to the server. The server has the game “world” and the clients just receive a view on this world. To avoid having to wait on the slowest computer, each computer now communicates with a single server. Real Time Strategy games typically use variants of peer to peer lockstep, albeit with better handling of the lag issues. The disadvantage of this networking solution is that each computer has to wait until it has received the move from the last computer, the slowest computer thus determing the pace of the turns (and thus lag). Assuming that all computers started from the same initial game state, this would ensure that all games played out identically across computers. Once all the computers had communicated their next move to all the other computers, each computer carried out the moves after which it was time for the next turn. The game consisted of “turns” and in each turn a computer could choose from a limited number of “moves”. Initially, each computer exchanged game information with each of the other computers in a star topology. A brief history of networkingīefore diving into the networking solution that Unity offers, lets briefly look at the history of multiplayer games and their networking solutions. lossy connections and the handling of lost dataįor real time games the above problems are especially relevant and if not handled correctly will result in players experiencing “lag”.differing network latency between players (round trip time), and differences in the variation thereof (jitter).players with differing connection speeds.players playing on differing hardware platforms (cpu/memory), such as pcs and mobiles.This will require the handling of problems such as: If you are planning to make a multiplayer game in Unity, be it two player turn based or massive multiplayer online, you will have to implement some sort of networking solution capable of ensuring that all players share the same consistent world view. |